A novel experiment on the fundamental science of lithium-ion batteries has been carried out aboard China's Tiangong space station, according to the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on Wednesday.

This experiment, conducted by the three astronauts comprising the Shenzhou-21 crew, aimed to uncover the mechanisms behind battery performance by leveraging the unique conditions of space.

Lithium-ion batteries are essential for modern space missions due to their high energy density and reliability. However, a thorough understanding of their internal behavior -- particularly how chemicals distribute within the electrolyte, which critically impacts power output and lifespan -- has been challenging to achieve under conditions on Earth, the institute explained.

"The fundamental challenge on the ground lies in gravity," said the institute. "Gravity is constantly intertwined with electric fields, making it difficult to isolate the influence of gravity on internal battery processes."

In contrast, the microgravity environment of the space station offers an ideal setting to observe these processes without the interference of gravity.

The institute emphasized that insights gained from this microgravity research are expected to overcome current limitations in understanding the interplay between gravitational and electric fields.

These findings will help improve existing battery systems in orbit and support the design of a new generation of safer, higher-energy-density batteries for future space exploration, it added.